EVOLUTION OF NETWORK TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION OF 1G TECHNOLOGY

· 1G Technology History:

The first generation of mobile networks – or 1G as they were retroactively dubbed when the next generation was introduced – was launched by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in Tokyo in 1979. By 1984, NTT had rolled out 1G to cover the whole of Japan.

In 1983, the US approved the first 1G operations and the Motorola’s DynaTAC became one of the first ‘mobile’ phones to see widespread use stateside. Other countries such as Canada and the UK rolled out their own 1G networks a few years later.

However, 1G technology suffered from a number of drawbacks. Coverage was poor and sound quality was low. There was no roaming support between various operators and, as different systems operated on different frequency ranges, there was no compatibility between systems. Worse of all, calls weren’t encrypted, so anyone with a radio scanner could drop in on a call.

Despite these shortcomings and a hefty $3,995 price tag ($9,660 in today’s money), the DynaTAC still managed to rack up an astonishing 20 million global subscribers by 1990. There was no turning back; the success of 1G paved the way for the second generation, appropriately called 2G.

· Advantages of a 1G Technology :

o Improve voice clarity

o The network uses the analog signal

o Reduce noise in the line

o Secrecy and safety to data and voice calls

o Consume less battery power

· Disadvantages of a 1G Technology :

o Poor voice quality

o Large phone size

o Poor battery life

o No security

o It makes use of the mobile phone with the analog signal more difficult and this signal are suffer from interference problem

o Limited capacity

o Poor hand-off reliability

o Very slow speed

· Ecosystem of 1G Technology :

o environment: the people who wants to communicate with other without limited distance

o people: the poeple who wants to provide high quality and reliable communication just like wired communication

o developer: Telecom

o population: 20 million subscribers

o user: experience with the dropped calls or analogue techniques

o manufacture: Motorola DynaTAC mobile phone

EVOLUTION OF 2G TECHNOLOGY

· History of 2G

In order to make the technology more widespread and available to the masses, it should be interoperable and low-cost. The development of the 2G network was planned, continuous and brought by collective efforts (compared to 1G’s intermittent and aggressive development). Many European countries pioneered to the development of the 2G cellular network, along with the establishments of the following:

- R21 – During the 1980s, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) Radiocommunications Working Group (R-Group) and its frequency sub-working group R21 succeeded to have mobile services included at 900 mHz in the international frequency allocations table. It also apportioned a 1000-channel capacity for the latest mobile use. These developments became the harbinger for the frequency spectrum to be used for 2G.

- GSM – The CEPT formed the Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) to integrate the use of public mobile communications system in the 900 mHz frequency.

- ETSI – Established in the late 1980s, the ETSI provided standardizations and technical specifications to telecommunications technology, including the GSM (Global System for Moble Communications) technology.

In 1991, the first GSM network was commercially launched by Finnish operator Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj). The GSM became the most prevalent 2G technology.

§ Advantages of 2G over 1G:

- Phone conversations became digitally encrypted.

- 2G is more efficient on frequency spectrum compared to 1G, allowing voice signals to become digitized and compressed.

- The introduction of data services which include short messaging service (SMS) or text messaging (also digitally encrypted).

- Digital signals use less battery power.

Increased privacy compared to 1G which does not have any protection against eavesdropping. The advent of the 2G network paved the way for the revolution of mobile phones. Aside from text messaging, Internet access also became available through the help of Circuit Switch Data (CSD), Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) in 2.5G and finally, Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Revolution (EDGE) in 2.75G. In theory, the maximum download speed at the time was 80 kilobits per second (kbps). When EDGE came, the speed was improved to 236 kbps. On paper, the maximum upload speed at the time was 60 kbps. Nokia 3210 was introduced to the market in 1999 and went on to become one of the best-selling mobile handsets in history, having sold around 150 million units. With its streamlined and user-friendly design, the phone became some sort of a 2G icon. Aside from transferring data, 2G also became the first network to allow digital voice audio and international roaming. In fact telecom field interviews usually start with asking Questions on GSM technology.

· Advantages of 2G

o Radio signals from 2G require less battery power

o Power emissions of 2G technology are lower in dealing with health problems

· Disadvantages of 2G

o Requires powerful signal (while at 2G’s era)

o No subtle than free digital calls

o Less competible on smartphones (because data transmission speeds can be more than 4 million bits per second in 3G technology but less than 50,000 bits per second in 2G networks, GSM offers a maximum fixed cell site range of 35 km which is imposed by technical limitations.)

· Ecosystem of 2G

o Advertiser : It’s not like 3G or 4G era that focus advertising on signal and quota. In 2G area, SIM Card provider mostly advertised their advantages for using their provider with a cheap call rate, sms rate, internet rate.

o Banking : In banking ecosystem, Data that provided by Bank Manager or Admin or CSO are sent by SMS to the customer or MCSO it’s by 2G mobile network.

o Developer/Content Owner : 2g mobile network had many developer around the world such as vodafone, t-mobile, at&t, starhub etc.

o Content Provider/Aggregator : In Indonesia, Flexi was one of the developer that provide 2G mobile network. Now, flexi has been deleted and now joined to Telkomsel.

o OS Provider : In 2g mobile network era, for example Nokia 3310 (2000). Nokia used series 20 as their operating System, Sony Ericsson K310i (2006). Sony Ericsson used Proprietary OS as their operating system.

o Device Manufacture : In 2g era, there are Nokia, Sony Ericsson who manufactured the device to support 2g mobile network mobile.

o Telco : In Indonesia, Flexi was one of the developer that provide 2G mobile network. Now, flexi has been deleted and now joined to Telkomsel.

o Customer : 2g customers are customers who need practicality in communication such as SMS and clearer telephone signals.

o Regulation : LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NUMBER 36 OF 1999 CONCERNING TELECOMMUNICATIONS. Contains articles regulating parties that may provide telecommunications services, prohibition of monopolistic practices, licensing, rights and obligations of the organizer and the public and the frequency of telecommunications and the security of telecommunications.

EVOLUTION OF 3G TECHNOLOGY

· 3G Technology History:

3G is the fourth generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology. It is the upgrade for 2.5G and 2.5G GPRS networks, for faster data transfer speed. This is based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunications use services and networks that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. 3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV.

3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at least 144 kbit/s. 3G is the fourth generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology. It is the upgrade for 2.5G and 2.5G GPRS networks, for faster data transfer speed. This is based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunications use services and networks that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. 3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV.

3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at least 144 kbit/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers. This ensures it can be applied to wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV technologies. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers. This ensures it can be applied to wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV technologies.

· Advantages:

o The customers will get a high-speed network for their communication which is far better than the 2G technology, particularly in data communication.

o The customer will get wireless broadband.

o It may also be cheap than the other traditional media we are using, as a result of a price war.

o The many in one service will be available on the same network. Due to the use of the DTH & the 3G technology, everyone will use this multi-purpose services to avoid time loss and keeping records for different service providers.

· Disadvantages:

o Since in telecom sector, there is much competition, so the companies have a very marginal price for their facilities.

o Roaming and data/voice work together has not yet been implemented.

o Power consumption is high.

o 3G plan prices for cell phones are much higher than 2G.

· Ecosystem:

o People: people in this era wanted fast service in high quality content.

o Society: 3G mobile broadband is helping people overcome geographic barriers that have traditionally hampered access to healthcare. Wireless health solutions utilizing 3G networks and a growing number of connected devices are enabling medical professionals to reach more people for routine and emergency services, personal health management, remote diagnostics and security monitoring services.

o Environment: Where technology is growing fast, everything began to use digital(digital payment, etc).

o Market: 3G era targeted people who demanding voice service, data service, and high quality content.

o Population: The user of 3G in 2012 is 6,7 million.

o Creator/developer: HUAWEI  Sierra Wireless(aircard)  Vtion  ASUS  ZTE  Acer  SAMSUNG  Lenovo  ChinaUnicom 

o User: people in this era wanted fast service in high quality content.

o Device manufacturer: Apple, Samsung, Huawei, Xiaomi.

o Banking: The online banking, such as Mandiri Online, BNI Mobile, etc. are available for the 3G network.

o Regulation: PERATURANDIREKTURJENDERALPOSDANTELEKOMUNIKASI NO: 173/DIRJEN/2009

o Application store: In 3G era, all of the application store such as App Store and Playstore, and Microsoft Store can be accessed with 3G network.

EVOLUTION OF 4G TECHNOLOGY

· 4G Technology History

The first generation of mobile communications started with the Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), which was an analogue system. AMPS can be thought of as 1G. From there, we progressed to GSM and CDMA-one (pretty much regarded as 2G) and then to UMTS and EV-DO, which are 3G technologies. The latest technologies that are regarded as candidates for 4G are LTE (from the 3GPP group) and 802.16m (from the IEEE). In the case of 802.16m, the candidate for 4G is also known as WirelessMAN Advanced, or WiMAX2. LTE progresses through versions known as releases. The latest release that qualifies as being 4G is release 10, often called LTE-Advanced.

4G Technology is an up & coming technology, 4G stands for fourth generation data download speeds and fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G. 4G LTE is the 4th generation wireless mobile modern, with high data speed. The 4G can reach 100Mbps, 150Mbps and 300Mbps, and in the future will update to 1000Mbps. 4G mobile networks offer amazing speed & efficiency and they took the mobile market by storm. 4G network theoretically will have a higher data transfer rate over 3G networks with the appropriate amount of spectrum & good network engineering. 4G LTE network is very fast. The Long Term Evolution (LTE)-based network has the potential to reach 100 Mbps, while the WiMAX network can top out at 70 Mbps.

The people in the society continue to demand quicker & easier access to their information. The consumers are using 4G as a widespread wireless standard while the providers bolster the security aspects of their devices. The demand from the wireless society of today has found its solution to deliver their data as quickly as possible & it is fourth-generation technology. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, and 3D television.

· 4G Technology Advantages

4G wireless network is a pure data connection. It is an end-to-end Internet Protocol connection. The cellular providers have the opportunity to offer the data access to a wide variety of devices. 4G technology provides mobility, it is more flexible, it is more reliable, it is easier to standardize and it offers affordability. We can easily access Internet, IM, Social Networks, streaming media, video calling and the other broadband services. It is very stable when connected to the internet without any disruption and it does not throttle.

WiMAX, LTE, and HSPA+ are all versions of 4G. WiMAX is used by Sprint, LTE is used by Verizon and AT&T, HSPA+ is used by AT&T and TMobile. 4G LTE network supports the global access, the service portability and scalable mobile services, and it supports IP based mobile system-High speed , high capacity and low cost per bit. 4G LTE network is very fast and 10 times faster than the 3G network. It offers extremely high voice quality, it is very fast when downloading huge files over a wireless network, it very good and clear when streaming videos, watching online videos, playing online musics, watching online TV and the others streaming stuffs.

The younger generation of mobile device users can stream the music, videos and movies at a much faster rate than ever before and they can also easily share the information online. 4G technology is affordable. It is more expensive than the traditional Wi-Fi networks but it also has a lot more advantages to offer to the users. 4G mobile network offers amazing speed, it has higher bandwidth. Increased bandwidth leads to much faster data transfer speed, that is especially advantageous for the mobile devices. The users of the 4G network get the benefit of superior, uninterrupted connectivity especially for the advanced tasks like video chats & conferences. 4G networks present much more coverage than the other systems such as Wi-Fi, that forces the users to depend upon hotspots in each area they visit. Since 4G offers a coverage of 30 miles and more, as also overlapping network ranges. The users would be assured of complete connectivity at all times .

· 4G Technology Disadvantages

Obtaining the information from the people illegally becomes easier. 4G technology involves the possibility of some interference though not much. It is capable of being attacked (jamming frequencies) and the invasion of the privacy increased . The consumer is forced to buy a new device to support the 4G. New frequencies means new components in the cell towers. Higher data prices for the consumers. Our current equipment can not be compatible with the 4G network, because it has different network bands for different phones and it is expensive and hard to implement.

4G LTE network has higher data prices for the consumers (expensive). The consumers are forced to buy a new device to support 4G LTE, it consumes a lot of battery when in use, it consumes the data very fast and your battery becomes hot when it is used for a very long time (like a microwave). 4G LTE network needs complex hardware. 4G technology is still limited to certain specified carriers and regions but the number of cities which have 4G coverage is increasing by the day, it would take its own time for this network to be available in all the major cities of the world.

Mobiles compatible with 4G network is cheaper than earlier but this new equipment would have to be installed to supply these services but it is a cumbersome process for most mobile carriers planning to launch these services. 4G mobile technology is still fairly new but it will most likely have its initial glitchesand bugs, which could be quite annoying for the user. 4G technology use many antennae and transmitters. We would experience much poorer battery life on your mobile, while on this network. So, we would have to use larger mobile devices with more battery power to be able to stay online for longer periods of time.

The users would be forced to use 3G or Wi-Fi connectivity in the areas that do not yet have 4G mobile network coverage. While this is a problem in itself, the worse issue is that they would still have to pay the same amount as specified by the 4G network plan. This situation can only be resolved once mobile carriers expand their 4G network coverage to include more regions. 4G technology requires expensive infrastructure for operation. This is embodied in the eNodeB’s (Access Points) and mainly EPC’s (Gateways or Routers). 4G is optimal for data rates, but not necessarily the best for Voice services, some of these services are offloaded (delegated) to Wi-Fi or 3G/GSM cellular technologies on your phone.

· 4G Technology Ecosystem

o Environment : 4G networks carry a lot of influence on the surrounding environment. Like many businesses or activities that use technology for sustainability, such as the ordering process for food, drinks, clothing, services and others can be accessed through the 4G network. This will bring the impact of changes in an environment so that along with the changing times will be many things affected. The environment must also be prepared for that because otherwise, the environment will receive its effects from the development of a technology network.

o People and Society: The younger generation tend to use 4G which is supports the continuation of their daily activities such as listening to music, watching or streaming videos, looking for any information on the internet because 4G offers faster access when compared to using 3G.

o Market : 4G tends to market their network to countries or regions that are sufficient to access 4G networks. The government also took part in determining the licensing for the 4G network access process. Only then can citizens adjust and access the network because there are clear permits and regulations from the state.

o Population : Almost everyone uses a 4G network for their communication provider but it all applies depending on the user's area too. Each region has different technological or network regulations and capacities, and not all citizens can access 4G technology or networks in their area.

o Creator/Developer: TeliaSonera branded the network "4G". The modem devices on offer were manufactured by Samsung (dongle GT-B3710), and the network infrastructure created by Huawei (in Oslo) and Ericsson (in Stockholm).

o Banking : Many application for banking and many banking process can run by using 4G, because the 4G offers affordability and secure network, such as BCA Mobile, Mandiri Online, Jenius, Link Ajah, Dana, OVO, GoPay, etc.

o Regulation : The Ministry of Communication and Information (Kemkominfo), structuring or refarming 4G LTE on 1,800 MHz frequency, which began in May 2015. This arrangement makes the frequency blocks owned by operators placed side by side, no longer separated, to be able to provide maximum service. The last operator to complete refarming is Indosat. If the results of the network performance tests run smoothly, then Telkomsel, Indosat, XL Axiata and Hutchison 3 Indonesia will certainly be allowed to commercialize 4G at 1,800 MHz nationwide. Now there are many smart phones available with antennas that support 4G LTE at 1,800 MHz, the price is cheap to expensive. Another thing that makes 1,800 MHz special, is because cellular operators in Indonesia have large frequency resources in the spectrum. Noted XL and Telkomsel each have resources covering an area of 22.5 MHz, Indosat 20 MHz, while the smallest Tri, 10 MHz.

o Application Store : Many application stores can already operate using 4G networks such as the App Store, Play Store which can provide various applications that can be downloaded by users using 4G access with download speeds faster than 3G networks.

EVOLUTION OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

· 5G Technology History

5G, abbreviated from 5th Generation, is the new "holy grail" in the telecommunication’s realm. First conceptualized by NASA, in association with m2mi Corp, in 2008, 5G Technology promises a significant improvement over the existing 4G, LTE technologies by promising a sub 1-millisecond latency and a bandwidth of over 10 Gigabits. The 4G technology was introduced in Nepal just over a year ago on January 1, 2017, 7 years after its introduction in the American market by Sprint. So, we can foresee that it is going to take a long time before 5G technology makes its way to Nepal. This paper starts off with a brief introduction of 5G and its working mechanism. Subsequently, the author discusses the prospects of 5G technologies and its implications in Nepal. In a country where the usage of the mobile phone has skyrocketed in the past decade, the introduction 5G technology can be very beneficial. So the author has discussed the uses of 5G technology in different sectors such as telephone communications, internet, internet of things etc. Furthermore, this paper discusses the efficient ways of making 5G technology a viable option in Nepal.

· Advantages of 5G Technology :

-Increased Bandwidth for All Users : On 5G, this will be a worry of the past. This means that people won’t feel like they are fighting for data with all of the other users when they enter crowded spaces such as sports arenas and airports. With more bandwidth available, people will also be able to use this bandwidth to do more with their devices, making them more versatile than ever before.

-More Bandwidth Means Faster Speed: With more people able to use this increased bandwidth, some people may worry about their speeds on a 5G network. This will be a problem of the past as people using a 5G network will be able to browse the web, download files, and even stream video at blistering speeds.

-New Technology Options May Become Available on a 5G Network : Early research and reports on 5G technology indicate that smart devices operating on a 5G network may be able to operate at speeds that are thousands of times faster than on a 4G network.

· Disavantages of 5G Technology :

-The Radio Frequency May Become a Problem: Radios, cell towers, and even satellites communicate using radio frequencies. Frequency is measured in Hz and the radio frequencies tend to operate in the GHz range. Early reports on the 5G network indicate that this network is going to transmit its data in the range of around 6 GHz. Unfortunately, this radio frequency range is already crowded by other signals, such as satellite links.

-An Increased Bandwidth will mean Less Coverage: One of the key advantages of 3G cell towers was that they could cover immense territory with relatively few cells. This is because the network did not require as much bandwidth, meaning networks had to deploy fewer cells.

· Ecosystem of 5G:

o Environment: Not all countries can use 5g. because there are still many countries that still use 4g as the basis of the network. one of them is Korea which has been using 5g because of its very rapid development

o people: the people that use th 5G is basically have the newest system.

o market: 5G only targeting the country that already have some support system to use the 5G

o regulation: The regulatory goals and rules should change for 5G. 5G could have a huge social and economic impact globally by being a core enabler of industrial transformation. With this in mind, the focus of governments and regulators should be in ensuring that it is rolled out as quickly as possible, Regulation is sufficiently flexible to reflect the needs of different industries and of consumers, Mobile network operators are encouraged to deliver more value to their customers by contributing to cross-industry activity that benefit governments, enterprises, and consumers.

o banking: with the 5G all the payment activity is more safe than the 4G , with the strongest signal to detect something wrong in the system, it will make anything easier to do some transactions

o manufacture: 5G technologies provide the network characteristics essential for manufacturing. Low latency and high reliability are needed to support critical applications. High bandwidth and connection density secure ubiquitous connectivity. These are requirements that manufacturers currently rely on fixed-line networks. The mobile 5G technology will allow for higher flexibility, lower cost, and shorter lead times for factory floor production reconfiguration, layout changes, and alterations.

o developer: China has launched its 5G national network and started commercial operation on 1 November 2019. At launch, Chinese state media called it the world's largest 5G network.

o user: there are not many users of 5g, because the implementation of 5g only occurs or is used in some countries.

o advertiser: 5G will enable websites to become more multimedia and interactive, but advertisers and publishers must resist the temptation to serve more ads on each web page, just because they load quicker, or make ads heavier with tracking tags and interactive capabilities just because the capacity is larger. This will ultimately continue to slow down web pages and ads, and will become increasingly problematic as customers shift to 5G connections and fill up the network again.

o society: While the difference perceived by the user might not be so compelling, the only way today’s networks can scale to the massive amounts of mobile data is by embracing more efficient and faster throughput systems. The cost of building the 5G network infrastructure cannot be rationalized just by the consumer smartphone use case alone. In my view, the network operators are building information superhighways needed for tomorrow’s digital economy.

That said, 5G still represents a huge opportunity for a wide assortment of government, business and industrial organizations in a variety of mission-critical activities. Many of them involve connected digital devices, collectively referred to as the internet of things (IoT). Ericsson AB, a leader in 5G technology, foresees 18 billion devices connected to the IoT by 2022.